Characteristics of restoration period in English literature

Characteristics of the restoration period

The Restoration period in English history refers to the reign of King Charles II, which lasted from 1660 to 1685. This era was characterized by significant cultural, political, and social changes following the English Civil War and the subsequent rule of Oliver Cromwell. Here are some key characteristics of the Restoration period:

1. Monarchy Restoration:

 The most defining feature of this period was the restoration of the monarchy after years of Puritan rule under Cromwell's Commonwealth. Charles II, the son of the executed King Charles I, was invited back to England and crowned king in 1660. This marked the end of the Commonwealth era and the return to a monarchical form of government.

2. Cultural Renaissance:

 The Restoration period witnessed a flourishing of arts, literature, and theater. After years of Puritan censorship and restrictions on cultural activities, there was a newfound freedom of expression. The theaters reopened, and playwrights like John Dryden, William Wycherley, and William Congreve produced a wealth of comedies and dramas that reflected the wit, sophistication, and social complexities of the time.

3. Scientific Advancements:

 The period also saw significant advancements in science and philosophy. The Royal Society, founded in 1660, became a center for scientific inquiry and experimentation. Figures like Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, and Robert Hooke made groundbreaking contributions to various scientific fields, laying the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution.

4. Political Instability:

 Despite the restoration of the monarchy, political stability remained elusive during this period. Charles II faced challenges from both Parliament and various factions within his own court. The Exclusion Crisis of 1679-1681, sparked by fears of a Catholic successor to the throne, led to heightened tensions and political maneuvering.

5. Religious Tolerance:

 The Restoration period saw a shift towards greater religious tolerance compared to the preceding Puritan regime. Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda in 1660, which promised religious freedom and amnesty to those who had opposed him during the Civil War. Although the Church of England remained the established church, dissenting religious groups gained some degree of acceptance.

6. Colonial Expansion:

 The period witnessed the expansion of the British Empire, particularly in North America and the Caribbean. The Restoration monarchy granted charters to companies like the Royal African Company and the East India Company, which played significant roles in trade and colonization.

7. Social Change: 

The Restoration period was marked by significant social change, particularly in urban centers like London. The emergence of coffeehouses as centers of intellectual discourse, the rise of a vibrant commercial culture, and the growing influence of the middle class all contributed to a shifting social landscape.

Social and political background

 To understand the social and political background of the Restoration period, we need to delve into the events that preceded it and the circumstances that shaped English society at the time. Here's a breakdown:

1. English Civil War (1642-1651):

 The English Civil War was a pivotal conflict between the Parliamentarians (Roundheads), who supported Parliament and sought to limit the power of the monarchy, and the Royalists (Cavaliers), who remained loyal to King Charles I. The war was primarily fought over issues of governance, religion, and taxation. Ultimately, the Parliamentarians emerged victorious, leading to the trial and execution of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.

2. Interregnum (1649-1660): 

The period following the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth was marked by political upheaval and social change. Oliver Cromwell, as Lord Protector, ruled England as a virtual dictator, ushering in a Puritanical regime characterized by strict moral codes and religious intolerance. The monarchy was abolished, and England was governed as a republic.

3. Restoration of the Monarchy: 

With the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658 and the subsequent collapse of the Commonwealth, England descended into a state of political chaos. In 1660, amid growing disillusionment with the Puritan regime and a desire for stability, Charles II was invited back from exile in France and restored to the throne. This marked the beginning of the Restoration period.

4. Political Instability:

 Despite the restoration of the monarchy, political stability remained elusive during the early years of Charles II's reign. The Restoration settlement was characterized by tensions between the monarchy and Parliament, as well as conflicts within the royal court itself. The Exclusion Crisis of 1679-1681, sparked by fears of a Catholic heir to the throne, further exacerbated political divisions and instability.

5. Religious Tensions: 

The Restoration period was marked by religious tensions and conflicts, stemming from the lingering legacy of the Civil War and the imposition of religious uniformity under Cromwell's regime. While Charles II issued declarations of religious tolerance, there were still deep-seated divisions between Anglicans, dissenters, and Catholics. The Test Acts of the late 17th century sought to exclude Catholics and dissenters from public office, reflecting ongoing religious animosities.

6. Social Change: 

The Restoration period witnessed significant social change, particularly in urban centers like London. The city experienced rapid population growth, economic expansion, and cultural diversification. The emergence of a vibrant commercial culture, along with the rise of the middle class, contributed to shifts in social norms and values.

7. Colonial Expansion:

 The Restoration period also coincided with the expansion of the British Empire, particularly in North America and the Caribbean. England's colonial enterprises, driven by economic motives and geopolitical competition with other European powers, played a significant role in shaping the social and economic landscape of the period.